The atmosphere surrounding the earth is composed of various gases. Short-wave rays from the sun pass the atmosphere and heat the earth. The gases in the atmosphere hold some amount of heat on the earth and prevent the heat loss of the earth. The heating and insulation effect of this atmosphere is called the greenhouse effect.
However, in recent years, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases rapidly due to air pollution. Greenhouse gases such as methane and ozone are released into the atmosphere through various human activities. All of these gases have heat retention. This causes the heat in the atmosphere to rise. This is what is referred to as global warming. This is why climate change, melting of glaciers and seas rise, and it is worried about getting worse.
According to the evaluations, various activities of people cause global warming. For example, the contribution of unconscious and irresponsible energy use to global warming is around 49 percent. The contribution of industrialization is 24 per cent, the destruction of forests is 14 per cent and the contribution of agriculture is 13 per cent.
Global warming is a condition that threatens the integrity of the ecosystem that leads to the destruction of life on Earth, adversely affects human life, destroys thousands of plant and animal species, and causes other meteorological disasters such as extreme temperature, drought, fire and thirst. This danger arose as a result of the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere starting from the industrial revolution. The overpopulation of the world population, intensive migration and urbanization movements and the change in living standards were also effective in this.
Global climate changes affect our country negatively. According to various scenarios, it is estimated that elevations in temperature, changes in frequency and amount of precipitation, increases in sea water level and significant decreases in water content in the soil are also expected. The expected changes are as follows:
• Rainfall will decrease in summer, evaporation will increase
• Seasonal distribution and intensity of precipitation will change
• Sudden flooding will increase
• Snow cover already below average will decrease further
- Drought frequency and severity will increase
- Problems will arise in the sharing of national, international and regional water resources
- A dry climate similar to the tropical climate will lead to more frequent and prolonged droughts, forest fires and tropical diseases.
What Does the Kyoto Protocol Bring?
The Framework Convention on Climate Change was adopted at the World Summit in Rio De Janeiro on 1992 and entered into force in 1994. Our country became a party to this convention in 2004. According to this agreement, greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced to 1990 level and technological and financial support will be provided to developing countries. For this purpose, national greenhouse gas inventories will be prepared, notifications will be made and programs will be developed including measures to be taken for emission reductions.
The Kyoto Protocol signed in Japan under this agreement in 1997 is an agreement that developed countries will reduce 1990 percent of greenhouse gas emissions compared to 5.2 year.
The Kyoto Protocol came into force in 2005, and a total of 169 countries participated. Developed countries such as the USA and Australia have not signed this protocol. Some countries, such as China and India, have signed the agreement, but have not undertaken the obligation to reduce carbon emissions. The rationale is that global greenhouse gas emissions are realized by developed countries and the per capita gas emissions of developing countries are low.
According to the calculations, the United States is responsible for 36, China for 14, India for 4 and Australia for 2.
Our country has signed the Kyoto Protocol in 2009.
About ISO 14064 Greenhouse Gas Calculation and Verification Management System
There are many international, national, regional and local initiatives to limit the changes in greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere. These measures for greenhouse gas are for the calculation, monitoring, reporting and verification of greenhouse gas emissions. ISO 14064 Greenhouse Gas Calculation and Verification Management System standard is the most effective and big work in the international level. Designed by the International Standards Organization, this system provides both industry firms and the government with a range of tools that enable them to develop programs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
ISO 14064 standards consist of three parts. The first section deals with the specific conditions for the design and development of the organization and the availability of greenhouse gas inventories. The second section deals with the details of rate determination, monitoring and reporting of emission reduction and removal of greenhouse gas projects. The last section sets out the conditions and recommendations for establishing greenhouse gas information approval and control.
Work on the ISO 14064 standard started in 2002. The following two factors were effective in conducting these studies:
• Increased public interest in climate change
• Lack of an international standard to enable industrial companies to take action
45 country has participated in these studies and the ISO 14064 Greenhouse Gas Calculation and Verification Management System standard was published in March in 2006.
What is the scope of the ISO 14064 Standard?
The fact that industrial companies work in accordance with international standards provides a significant market advantage, increases the reliability of the company and shows that the company is environmentally friendly and attaches importance to nature protection. These give the company a competitive advantage. In this respect, it is important that they establish and manage the ISO 14064 standard in their enterprises.
ISO 14064 Greenhouse Gas Calculation and Verification Management System is an important standard prepared to guide companies in the following points:
- Proper reporting of greenhouse gas emissions of companies
- Taking their inventories
- Development of improvement projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
- Verification and validation of greenhouse gas notifications
The ISO 14064 standard aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions voluntarily and has an objective policy.
What are the Basic Principles of ISO 14064 Standard?
In order to survive, all industrial companies must now be aware of national and international climate change policies, be prepared for them, and manage the company's greenhouse gas risks. Because the companies that do not identify their risks today and do not start to manage them will face legal sanctions. The legal regulations bring some sanctions to the companies.
ISO 14064 standard is based on the following principles:
- When detecting greenhouse gas emissions, companies must ensure that there are no systematic or deliberate errors, identify sources of errors as much as possible, and reduce errors. The measurements must be of the highest accuracy.
- Monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gases must be complete. Firms are required to disclose, without repeated and incomplete emissions of greenhouse gases in relation to their activities and to prevent data loss.
- Firms have to carry out their monitoring and reporting activities on a consistent, transparent and comparable basis.
- In order to ensure the integrity of the emission data to be reported, companies must use appropriate monitoring methods and present the information in an unbiased manner and make calculations reliably. The target should be the highest accuracy.
- Companies, like other quality systems, have to be in continuous development.
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